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Craft an African American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

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Creators

Chip Colwell Delande Justinvil Justin Dunnavant

Publish Date

Publisher

Springer Nature Limited

Coverage (Spatial)

Augusta Georgia Austin Texas Baltimore Maryland Cambridge Massachusetts Dallas Texas New Jersey New York Philadelphia Pennsylvania Tulsa Oklahoma

Coverage (Temporal)

1831 1835 1913 1921 1966 1985 1989 1990s 2017

Related Posts

In re Williamson’s Case, 26 Pa. 9 (1855)
An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780
Kane, the Murderer

Citation

Justin Dunnavant, Delande Justinvi & Chip Colwell, Craft an African American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 593 Nature 336 (2021).

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Abigail Goodwin Abolition Affirmed Aiding the Escape of Enslaved Persons American Freedmen's Aid Union Appeal Apprentice Discharged Apprenticeship Black history Case Remanded Chambersburg District Charity Christiana tragedy Circuit Court Claim Sustained Conduct of Jury Constitutional Law Contract County Courts Court of Chancery of New Jersey Court of Common Pleas Court of Errors and Appeals of New Jersey Debt Decree Reversed Decree for Plaintiff Demurrer Destruction of Property Discredit of Witness Dismissed District Court Eastern District of Pennsylvania Education Election Fraud Enslaved Person Remanded Estate Evidence Executor of Estate For Defendant Foreign Law Forgery Fornication and Bastardy Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Fraud Fugitive Slaves Harboring and Concealing Illegal Arrest Illinois history Indentured Servitude Jane Johnson John Kane Judgement Reversed Judgement for Defendant Judgement for Plaintiff Jury Discharged Keeping Disorderly House Kidnapping Lancaster District Legacies Lucretia Mott Manumission Maryland history Member of Congress Middle District of Pennsylvania Missouri history Mortgage Motion Overruled Move for New Trial Murder New Jersey New Jersey history New Jersey law New Trial Awarded New Trial Granted Ninth Judicial District Nonsuit Nonsuit for Plaintiff Not Guilty Objection to Evidence Order Confirmed Order Quashed Passmore Williamson Payment Pennsylvania Pennsylvania District Pennsylvania Reform Convention Pennsylvania history Pennsylvania law Peremptory Mandamus Peter Still Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas Place of Settlement Plea Overruled Prisoner Discharged Prisoner Released Prisoner Remanded Prisoner Sentenced to Execution Prisoners Remanded Recapture of Enslaved Persons Refused Registration of Enslaved Persons Release of Enslaved Persons Request for New Jury Restoration of Position Retention of Enslaved Persons Right to Property Right to Vote Rioting Robbery Rule Absolute Rule Discharged Salvage Slave Trade Slavery Southern District of Pennsylvania State Laws Supreme Court of Judicature of New Jersery Supreme Court of Judicature of New Jersey Supreme Court of New Jersey Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Supreme Court of the United States Thomas Garrett Treason Trespassing United States Supreme Court United States history Unlawful Detention Unlawful Retention of Enslaved Persons Verdict Guilty Verdict Not Guilty Verdict Set Aside Verdict for Defendant Virginia history Western District Western District of Pennsylvania Whiskey Tax William Still William Tilghman Writ Quashed aiding escape of enslaved persons aiding the escape of enslaved peoples civil rights colonization denied emancipation fiction free Black history free Black peope free Black people genealogy human rights racism registration of enslaved person release of enslaved person reparations reversed slavey statistics underground railroad verdict for plaintiff wills witness

Plaintiffs

A.S. Pennington Administrators of James Ashman Alexander Hamilton Ann Lawrence Anonymous Augustus Stephenson Barnes I. Smock Bell Brooks Caleb Johnson Campyon Cutter Catharine Oliver Cecilia Oliver Charity Butler Charlotte Stillwell Chatham Township Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Conframp Cowperthwaite D.P. Lynch D.R. Jacob Daniel Hartman David Johnson David Lloyd Den Easter Maxwell Edith Ruston Edward Prigg Edward Stiles Edward T. Stille Ellen R. Oliver Elson Eve Executors of Van Houten Foremans Francis Belt Francis H. Hoff George Boice George Stiles Giles Hannah Hall Hannah Williamson Harriet Butler Henry Butler Henry Force Henry H. Tucker Henry Wood Hill Hiram Hobbs Isaac Cadwallader Jack Jacob Fox James Campbell James M. Boaler James M. Russell James Taylor Jesse John John B. Alexander John Cobean John Den John Evans John Gilliland John Miller John Ramsay John Scott John Thompson Joseph Cook Joseph Neide Kauffman Lessee of Dunning Lessee of Elizabeth Hauer Lessee of Hall Lessee of William Wilson Levi Baldwin Lewis Lewis McBride Lucy Lydia Emery M'Dowell Marchand Margaret Freeman Mary Jackson Mary Roberts Matthew Clayton Meason New Jersey Nixon Overseers Overseers of Franklin Overseers of Milton Overseers of Morris Overseers of the Poor of Baldwin Township Overseers of the Poor of Ferguson Township Overseers of the Poor of Forks Township in Northampton County Overseers of the Poor of Perth Amboy Overseers of the Poor of South Brunswick Overseers of the Poor of Upper Freehold Passmore Williamson Paul Coulon Pennsylvania Peter Phebe Maxwell Phillip Phillips Pierce Butler Potts Prall Rachel Van Houten Reuben H. Freeman Robert Green Robert Jones Robert Knox Robert Wallace Rulif V. Schanck Ruth Williams Samuel F. Reed Samuel Potter Jr. Sarah Knox Shephard Graham Simmons Sophia Butler Stoutenborough Susan Stephens The Overseers of the Poor of Point Township Thomas Chance Thomas Ferris Thomas Gibbons Thomas M'Cullough Thomas Urie Trustees of Van Houten Tryphenia United States Uriah A. Gritner Van Metre Wike William Small William Williamson Wilson Worthington Wright (otherwise called Hall)

Defendants

A.S. Pennington Aaron Aberilla Blackmore Abner Barker Abraham Kendig Abraham Kirkpatrick Achilles Vandegrift Administrators of Prall African Methodist Episcopal Society Alfred Dwilling Anderson Andrew G. Van Syckel Andrew H. Teeple Anthony Boon Armstrong Augustus Coates Beaver Belinda Benjamin Jones Jr. Benoni Dawson Betsey Bob Brown Brune Bunel Burd Cain Castner Hanway Cate Catharine Keppele Chambre Charles Conoway Charles Francois Charles Turner Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Dalby Daniel Kauffman Daniel Richardson Darnaud Deacon (Keeper of the Prison) E. Gray Eales Edward Van Beuren Elizabeth Haines Executors of Baker Executors of Canfield Executors of Elmer Executors of Van Houten Farlee Farmer Frees Gaston George A. Cook George Bollen George Norman Graham Grant Hambright Hannah Potter Harmony Harper Harrison Haviland Heddon Henry Moore Henry Myers Herbert Wallace Hester Holloway Hopper Insurgents Isaac Isaac Craig Isaac Emmons Isaac Morse Isaac Staats Jacob Garver Jacob Hoffner Jacob Neide Jacob S. Durham James Caruthers James D. Greason James Guild James Hasson James J.G. Bias James Montgomery James P. Chamberlain James Williams Jenkins Williams Jeremiah Buck John John A. Post John Arrowsmith John Clellans John Delaplaine John Jolly John Maxwell Nesbit John Neaff John Swift John Waugh Jones Joseph Clements Joseph Haskell Joseph Vancleve Joseph Vogdes Joshua Meeks Kennedy Keystone Mutual Life and Health Insurance Company Kline Lambert Smith Lindsey Sturgeon Low Lydia Arrowsmith Lyon M'Donald Maria Arrowsmith Martha Pease Mary Arrowsmith Mary Weed Matthias Cramer Messenger Michael Rhoades Mitchell Moses Jones Moses Lambson Mount Nelly Oliver Overseers of Bridgewater Overseers of Warren Overseers of Williamsport Overseers of the Poor of Buffaloe Township Overseers of the Poor of Catawessa Township in Northumberland County Overseers of the Poor of East Windsor Overseers of the Poor of Hillsborough Overseers of the Poor of Piscataway Patton Paul Pierce Peggy Peter Shitz Philip Philip Breckbill Pitney Post Preston Priscilla Conoway Quick Rachel Van Houten Reasin Pumfrey Richard Garwood Richard Keys Richards Sampson Johnston Samuel Benezet Samuel Henderson Samuel Robinson Samuel Vance (Jailer) Samuel Vanlear Samuel Williams Sarah E. Blaine Shreve Smyth Snelling Stephen Stephen Weakley Stewart Story's Administrators Susannah Stokely Tamm The Overseers of the Poor of Lycoming Township Thomas Bowell Thomas Gaddes Thomas Gibbons Thomas Ruston Thomas Thompson Thomas Urison Thomas Warford Tompkins Trustees of Van Houten Valentine Thomas Van Waggoner Vandegrift William Cummines Jr. William Findlay William Fogg William Greason William Jr. Robinson William Lightner William M'Colloch William Manson William Ravenel William Steel York (alias Charles Johnson)

Judges

Atlee (Justice) Baldwin (Circuit Justice) Baldwin (Justice) Bedle (Justice) Black (Chief Justice) Black (Justice) Brackenridge Brackenridge (Justice) Bradford (Justice) Bryan (Justice) Burnside (Justice) Cadawalder (District Judge) Carpenter (Justice) Chetwood (Justice) Coram (Justice) Coulter (Justice) Daniel (Justice) Dayton (Justice) Duncan (Justice) Elmer (Justice) Ewing (Chief Justice) Ford (Justice) Gibson (Chief Justice) Gibson (Justice) Green (Chief Justice) Grier (Circuit Justice) Haines (Justice) Hopkinson (District Judge) Hornblower (Chief Justice) Huston (Judge) Huston (Justice) Kane (District Judge) Kennedy (Justice) Kenyon Kinsey (Chief Justice) Kirkpatrick (Chief Justice) Knapp (Justice) Knox (Justice) Lewis (Justice) Lowrie (Justice) M'Kean (Chief Justice) McKean (Chief Justice) McLean (Justice) Nelson (Justice) Nevius (Justice) Patterson (Circuit Justice) Paul Beck Pennington (Justice) Peters (District Judge) Porter (Justice) Robertson (Justice) Rogers (Justice) Ross (Justice) Rossell (Justice) Rush (Justice) Ryerson (Justice) Schenck (Justice) Sergeant (Justice) Shippen (Chief Justice) Shippen (Judge) Shippen (Justice) Smith Smith (Justice) Southard (Justice) Speer (Justice) Spencer (Justice) Taney (Chief Justice) Tilgham (Chief Justice) Tilghman (Chief Justice) Tilghman (Justice) Washington (Circuit Justice) White (Justice) Whitehead (Justice) Woodward (Justice) Yeates Yeates (Judge) Yeates (Justice)

Publishers

Adams County History American Anti-Slavery Society American Society for Legal History B.B. Russell Carnegie Institute of Washington Caselaw Access Project D.K Hitchcock Dickinson College Durand-Hedden House & Association Inc. Fordham University Press Frederick Douglass' Paper G.W. Carleton & Co. Georgetown University HeinOnline Historical Society of Pennsylvania Jesse Torrey Johnson Lancaster Examiner and Herald Library Company of Philadelphia Little Brown & Company Lord Baltimore Press Miller Orton & Mulligan New Jersey Historical Commission New York University Press Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Oxford University Press Porter & Coates Project MUSE Provincial Freeman Rutgers School of Law Society for Historians of the Early American Republic South Orange-Maplewood Community Coalition on Race Southern Historical Association Springer Nature Limited Stanford Law School T. & J.W. Johnson & Co. T.W. Strong Taylor & Francis The Avalon Project The Christian Recorder The Colored American The Freedmen's Record The Inquirer The Law Association of Philadelphia The National Era The North Star The Pittston Gazette Thomson Reuters University of Alabama School of Law University of Michigan Law School University of Missouri-Kansas City University of Nebraska-Lincoln University of North Carolina at Greensboro University of Notre Dame Press University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Press WHYY Washington University Weekly Advocate Westlaw William Tweedie Yale University Press

Coverage (Spatial)

Adams County Pennsylvania Africa Alabama Allegheny County Pennsylvania Arkansas Augusta Georgia Austin Texas Baldwin Township Pennsylvania Baltimore Baltimore Maryland Bedford County Pensylvania Bedford Pennsylvania Bergen County New Jersey Boston Massachusetts Bridgeton New Jersey Bridgewater New Jersey Bucks County Pennsylvania Buffaloe Township Pennsylvania Burlington New Jersey Cambridge Massachusetts Camden New Jersey Canada Cape Francis Catawessa Township Pennsylvania Chambersburg Pennsylvania Chambersburgh Pennsylvania Charleston Souith Carolina Charleston South Carolina Chatham Onatario Chesapeake Virginia Chester County Pennsylvania Christiana Pennsylvania Columbia Pennsylvania Connecticut Cuba Cumberland County Pennsylvania Cumberland Pennsylvania Dallas Texas Dauphin County Pennsylvania Delaware Delaware County Pennsylvania Dorchester County Maryland Doylestown Pennsylvania Essex County New Jersey Essex New Jersey Fayette County Pennsylvania Ferguson Township Pennsylvania Florida Forks Township Pennsylvania France Franklin County Pennsylvania Franklin New Jersey Franklin Pennsylvania Georgia Germantown Pennsylvania Grayson County Virginia Greenfield Pennsylvania Harrisburg Pennsylvania Hillsborough New Jersey Hopewell New Jersey Illinois Indiana Indiana Pennsylvania Kent County Maryland Kentucky Lancaster County Pennsylvania Lancaster Pennsylvania Lewistown Pennsylvania Louisiana Louisville Kentucky Lycoming County Pennsylvania Lycoming Pennsylvania Lycoming Township Pennsylvania Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Middlesex New Jersey Mifflin County Pennsylvania Milton Pennsylvania Mississippi Missouri Monmouth New Jersey Morris Township New Jersey Moyamensing Pennsylvania New Brunswick New Jersey New Haven Connecticut New Jersey New Orleans Louisiana New York New York City New York New York New York Newton Township Pennsylvania North Carolina Northumberland County Pennsylvania Northumberland Pennsylvania Ohio Ohio County Virginia Oregon Penningtonville Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Perth Amboy New Jersey Philadelphia Pennsylvania Piscataway New Jersey Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Pittston Pennsylvania Point Township Pennsylvania Portsmouth England Prince George County Maryland Rhode Island Richmond Virginia Rochester New York Saint Croix Somerset New Jersey South Carolina St. Clair County Illinois St. Domingo St. Jago St. Louis Missouri St. Thomas Staten Island New York Sunbury Pennsylvania Sussex County Delaware Tennessee Terrytown Maryland Texas Trenton New Jersey Tulsa Oklahoma United States Upper Freehold New Jersey Vermont Virginia Warren Township New Jersey Washington County Pennsylvania Washington D.C. West Pennsborough Pennsylvania West Pennsbro Pennsylvania West Pennsbury Pennsylvania Westmoreland County Pennsylvania Wheeling Pennsylvania Williamsport Maryland Williamsport Pennsylvania Wilmington Delaware Wilmington North Carolina Worcester County Maryland York County Pennsylvania

Coverage (Temporal)

1497 1600s 1607 1609 1614 1620 1624 1627 1630 1633 1634 1635 1636 1641 1650 1650s 1660 1664 1665 1668 1682 1694 1699 1700 1700s 1705 1713 1714 1719 1723 1734 1735 1736 1737 1743 1744 1749 1750 1750s 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758 1760s 1761 1763 1764 1765 1766 1768 1769 1770 1770s 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1779 1780 1780s 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1790s 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1800s 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1810s 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1820s 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1840s 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1850s 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1860 1860s 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1869 1882 1884 1887 1900s 1902 1906 1910 1913 1921 1936 1966 1983 1985 1989 1990 1990s 1992 1994 2003 2004 2007 2015 2017

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Creators

Abel Charles Thomas Alexander Rider Alfred L. Brophy Allison Mileo Gorsuch Amy C. Schutt Andrea Johnson Andrew Diemer Andrew Rouner Aris Woodham Ashley Hahn Beverly C. Tomek Cassandra Stokes Cat McDowell Charles Warren Chip Colwell Christopher Rush Cooper Wingert Cory James Young David G. Smith David Ruggles David Thomas Konig Delande Justinvil Dingo Dora Bertram Doug Knox Edlie L. Wong Edward Raymond Turner Ellen Craft Emily Jaycox Erica Armstrong Dunbar Erika Cohn Gail R. Safian Gary K. Wolinetz Giles Wright Gloria Whittico Godfrey Wainwood Guy Gray Helen Tunnicliff Catterall Horrace Binney Hyla Bondareff Illustrator unknown Isaac Isaac Barney Isaac Duncan J. Andrews James Simmons Jason Statman Jesse Torrey Jessica Dussault John Bayard John C. Bowers John Collins John T. Raymond Judith L. Van Buskirk Justin Dunnavant Justin Simard Kaci Nash Karin Dalziel L.H. Hale Laura Weakly Lea VanderVelde Legall Loren Schweninger Makiba Foster Marguerite Ross Howell Matthew Irwin Moses Johnson Nicole Marcon Mazgaj Perry Trolard Peter Kramer Richard Cox Richard Hildreth Richard S. Newman Robert Robert Sears Rudolph Boice S.A. Schoff Samuel E. Cornish Shannon Showers Snyder Steve Pentecost Stuart Gold Theodore S. Wright Thomas Thomas Robinson Tim Bucknall Tim Lepczyk Timothy Etoe Van Ingen W. E. B. Du Bois Wiley William C. Kashatus William Craft William G. Thomas III William R. Leslie William Still Wm. A. Cornish

Contributors

Ashley Towle Autumn Green Candace Girod Christy Hyman Daniel Schmaderer David Konig David McMichael Derek Leininger Elizabeth Askren Elizabeth Mohan Ellyzabeth Morales-Ledesma Gail Blankenau Heidi K. Martin James J. Hayden Jennifer Brazier Jennifer Guiliano Jeremiah Bauer John Barden John Branigan Judith Kelleher Judith Ohikuare Julier E.K. Walker Kaitlin Thompson Kenneth Winn Kirsten Keister Kylie McCormick Marcia McIntosh Michael Dick Natalie Smith Nicholas Finke Patrick Hoehne Paul Finkelman Promita Majumdar Richard J.M. Blackett Samantha Bryant Stephanie Camerone Trevor Muñoz Vernon Burton William G. Thomas III Wilma King

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